Learning English Word Formation can at least provide us with three good advantages

TABLE OF CONTENTS
	 PAGE
PART I: INTRODUCTION	2
1. Rationale 
2. Objectives 
PART II: KINDS OF WORD FORMATION	
A. Compounding	3
B. Prefixes 	4 - 8
C . Suffixes 	9 – 12
PART III:
HOW TO TEACH & PRACTICE WORD FORMATION 
AND EXERCISES
A: HOW TO TEACH & PRACTICE WORD FORMATION 13 - 15
B. EXERCISES	16 – 21
PART IV: RESULT	22
PART V: CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Appendix:
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. Rationale 
The purpose of teaching Word Formation, which is a necessary part of the English for Specific Purposes, is to give the students the opportunity to acquire vocabulary knowledge necessary for effective reading of their own technical and semi-technical texts. It is intended to give learners an opportunity to gain first the fundamentals of words and to build from there in whatever design their needs call for. The instructor must know the needs of the students. The class time may be used to more fully develop the subject matter in a way that meets the needs of the students. 
Learning English Word Formation can at least provide us with three good advantages: 
1.1. Increase your vocabulary, guess the meaning of the word by analyzing the known parts. 
Example: 
auto- means ‘self’: autobiography, autograph (one’s own writing), automobile, automatic. 
1.2. Deepen your understanding of a word by analyzing each part of the word so that you can not only learn about the surface meaning but also the deeper connotation of the word. 
Example –ard used in forming the personal nouns often has a contemptuous connotation in English. drunkard, sluggard (someone who is very sluggish), we know they are contemptuous people who have developed very bad habits. 
1.3. Enliven your language, create a lively style in your English writing. 
Bernard Shaw once wrote a famous sentence about the World War II, in it, he used several compounds which have been formed in the same way as the word outwit is formed. This kind of formation is very accurate in depicting the condition of the defeated Germany then. “Germany was outwitted, outprepared, outgeneralled, outfought, outflown, outgassed, outtanked, outbombed, and finally brought to her knees.”
2. Objectives 
 This paper is desired to provide teachers, especially teachers of English with information about teaching Word Formation: 
- The reasons why we should learn English Word Formation. 
- KindS of English Word Formation. 
- Suggestions, strategies and exercises for teaching Word Formation. 
- The lists of Word Formation. 
- How to teach Word Formation. 
- How to practice Word Formation. 
 	It is hoped that my own experiences in teaching Word Formation in Mai Anh Tuan high school can give you some ideas in teaching this difficult as well as easy grammar - Word Formation. Let’s try to make our students want to learn English, love English and be good at English, especially in items of Word Formation.
PART II: KINDS OF WORD FORMATION
A. Compounding 
1.1. Noun+Noun 
The most common type of word formation is the combination of two (or more) nouns in order to form a resulting noun: 
Noun + Noun = Noun 
Examples: landmine, wallpaper, toothbrush 
1.2. Verb+Noun 
Here verbs describe what is done with an object or what a subject "does", in short, a new noun is formed, usually referring to something concrete, and the verb defines the action related to it: 
Verb + Noun = Noun 
Examples: hitman = a man who carries out "dirty jobs", or, who "hits". Here, the word as part of speech is the subject. 
walkway = people walk on the walkway. 
The usual rules apply to spelling. More examples: 
walkway (a way to walk on), filter-paper (paper used for filtering liquids or gases), driveway (a road leading to a garage or a building), payday (the day one receives his or her salary),  
1.3. Noun+Adjective 
Nouns and adjectives can also be compounded in the opposite order: 
Noun + Adjective = Adjective 
Examples: Camera + shy = camera-shy (Shy in respect of appearing or speaking before cameras). 
dirt-cheap = cheap as dirt; paper-thin = thin as paper 
English-speaking; soul-destroying; frost-bitten 
1.4. Adjektive+Noun 
Adjective + Noun = Noun 
Examples: brown + bear = brownbear 
These compounds usually appear as one word. Examples: 
blackboard (a board to write on vertically attached to a wall), blueprint (prints of building plans, or detailes plans in general), lazybone (a lazy person), braveheart (somebody who's brave), hardcopy (something in print), software (computer programmes),  
2. Other Compounds 
2.1. Adjective+Adjective 
bitter-sweet, deaf-mute, aural-oral, Anglo-Saxon 
2.2. Adjective + Participle 
far-reaching, far fetched, narrow-minded, single-minded, highclimbing, red-painted, bare-handed 
Note: It is as well possible to combine adjectives with participles not originating from verbs. 
2.3. Adjective+Verb 
to blackmail, to dryclean, to blackpaint, to whitewash 
2.4. Noun+Verb 
to proofread, to babysit, to brainstorm, to sightsee, to tape-record
B. Prefixes 
In contrast to compounding, affixation links so-called prefixes and suffixes, which are not independent words, to words of all types. The type of affix determines the effect the affixation will have on the word. Here, we discuss supportive and opposing prefixes. They are used to express support for or disapproval of whatever is expressed by the word they're attached to. 
1. Supportive and opposing Prefixes (Prefixes of attitude) 
1.1. pro = on the side of, supporting: pro-choice, pro-life, pro-market, prolibertarian; added to: nouns, adjectives of denomination. 
1.2. anti = against, counteracting: anti-missile, anti-social, antibody, antiabortion, anti-regulatory; = antagonistic: anti-hero, antichrist; added to: nouns, adverbs, denominal adjectives. 
1.3. counter = in opposition to: to counteract, counter-revolution, counterexample, counter-espionage, counter-productive; added to: verbs, abstract nouns, adjectives. 
1.4. contra = contrasting, against: contraception, contraindicate, contraflow, contradistinction; added to: abstract nouns, verbs. 
1.5. co = with, joint: cooperate, co-pilot, co-author, cooperation; added to: nouns, verbs. 
2. Reversative and deprivative Prefixes 
These prefixes describe actions being reversed or of antonymic character. 
2.1. un = to reverse action, to deprive of: to untie, to unpack, to unhorse, to unscramble, to unlock, to unmask, to unhouse; added to: verbs. 
2.2. de = reverse action, remove something, depart or cause to depart from, remove and undo what is meant the second part of the formation: to deselect, 
to decontaminate, to debug, to defrost, to delouse, to deplane, to detrain, to decamp, deforestation; added to: verbs, abstract nouns. 
2.3. dis = reversal of an action, removal of something: to disqualify, to disinvite, to disenfranchise, to disarm, to disillusion, to disambiguate, discoloured, disconnected, discontent, dissatisfaction; added to: verbs, participles, nouns. 
3. Negative Prefixes 
3.1. a = not, lacking in, not affected by, devoid of quality: atheist, amoral (not subject to moral standards), asymmetry, apolitical, asexual; added to: adjectives, nouns.
3.2. dis = not, absolute opposite of what is meant by the second element: disloyal, distrust, disagree, dislike, disfavour, disadvantage; added to: adjectives, abstract nouns, verbs. 
3.3. un = not, the opposite of; before words of french origin: in-, il-(before l), im-(before p), ir-(before r). Note: These are the most commonly used prefixes of negation. Examples: unfair, unassuming, unexpected, unproductive, insane, injustice, intolerance, impatience, imperfect, irregular, illegal, incapable, illogical, improper, irrelevant; added to: adjectives, participles (only un-). 
3.4. non = not, not regarded as: non-stop, non-interference, non-aggression, non-smoker, non-drip (paint), non-person, non-event; added to: varios types of words and expressions, mainly nouns and verbs. 
4. Pejorative Prefixes 
Pejorative prefixes are highly evaluative in the negative sense. 
4.1. mis = wrong(ly), astray: mismanagement, mismarriage, to miscalculate, to mishandle, to misinform (inform wrongly; whereas disinformationmeans the deliberate spreading of false or distorted information); added to: verbs, abstract, participles. 
4.2. mal = bad(ly), improper(ly): malpractice, malinformation, malnutrition, maltreatment, to malfunction, malformed, malodorous; added to: verbs, abstract nouns, participles, adjectives, but only words of latin origin. 
4.3. pseudo = false, imitation: pseudo-education,pseudo-intellectual, pseudoscience, pseudo-Elizabethan, pseudo-Gothic; added to: nouns, adjectives, also nouned adjectives. 
4.4. crypto = concealed: crypto-fascist, crypto-Catholic,cryptography; added to: nouns. 
5. Prefixes of Place (Locative Prefixes) 
Locative prefixes determine the place, or relative place, or (relative) direction, of action or objects. Also, abstract nouns and processes or relations are determined in terms of locality. Perhaps a look at the following will provide a clear picture: 
5.1. ante = before (locally): antechamber, anteroom; added to: nouns. 
5.2. circum = around: circumnavigate, circumlocution, circumcision; added to: verbs, nouns. 
5.3. extra = outside, beyond: extramarital, extracurricular, extrasensory, extra-pay; added to: adjectivs, nouns. 
5.4. fore = in front, front part of: forefinger, foreskin, forecourt, forehead; added to: nouns.
5.5. in = inside, into: also il-, im-, ir- ingathering, indoors, in-patient (not impatient); added to: participles, nouns. 
5.6. inter = between, in between: interracial, international, interdisciplinary, interrace; added to: adjectives, nouns. 
5.7. intra = inside: intramural, intra-uterine, intravenous; added to: adjectives. 
5.8. mid = middle: midfield, mid-point, midway; added to: nouns. 
5.9. out = out of, outside: outdoor, out-patient, outlook; added to: nouns; = to surpass: to outrun, to outnumber, to outgrow, to outdistance, to outbid; added to: verbs. 
5.10. over = above, outer: to overthrow, to overshadow, overcoat; added to: verbs, nouns; = excessive: overemphasis, overenthusiasm, over-anxious, to overcharge, to overfish; added to: nouns, verbs. 
5.11. retro = backwards, reflexive: to retroflex, to retrorocket, to retroject; added to: verbs. 
5.12. sub = below, beneath: subway, subsoil, subconcious; added to: nouns, adjectives; = secondary, lesser in rank: sub-editor, subdean, subleader, sub-climax; added to: nouns; = subordinate part of: subcommittee, subplot, sublet, subtitle; added to: nouns; = below the norm: subhuman, subzero, substandard; added to: adjectives, nouns. = to exchange: to substitute; added to: verbs. 
5.13. super = above: superstructure, superimpose, superterrestrial; added to: nouns, verbs, adjectives; = beyond the norm: superhuman, superman, supergun, superstar; added to: nouns, adjectives; = excessive, excessively: superconformity, superconfidence, supersensitive, superabundant, supercritical; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
5.14. supra = above: supranational, supramundane; added to: adjectives. 
5.15. sur = above: surtax, surcharge, surtitle; nouns, verbs. 
5.16. tele = at a distance: telecommunication, television; added to: nouns, verbs. 
5.17. trans = across: transatlantic, transnational, transsexual; added to: adjectives, geographical names. 
5.18. ultra = beyond, excessively, extremely: ultra-violet, ultra-sonic, ultramodest, ultra-thin, ultra-modern, ultra-orthodox; added to: adjectives. 
5. 19. under = below: underground, undercarriage, underclothes; added to: nouns; = too little; undercharge, underpay, undercook, undervalue: added to: verbs; = subordinate: under-secretary, underclass, underling; added to: nouns. 
Additional locative prefixes: Prepositions determining direction, both locatively and figuratively applied: to bypass, to upgrade, to downsize, to undergo, to oversee.
6. Prefixes of Size, Degree and Status 
6.1. arch = highest, worst, chief: archbishop, arch-rival, archangel, archduke, arch-enemy; added to: nouns. 
6.2. macro = large: macrocosm, macro-economics; added to: nouns. 
6.3. micro = small: microtransmitter, micro-computer, microsurgery, microeconomics; added to: nouns. 
6.4. mega = very large: megastar, megastore; added to: nouns. 
6.5. mini = small: miniseries, minibreak, minicab, miniskirt; added to: nouns. 
6.6. over/under = too much/too little: to overcook, to underheat; added to: any verb of action. 
6.7. hyper = extremely: hypercritical; added to: adjectives. 
6.8. co = joint: co-founder, co-presenter; added to: nouns, verbs. 
6.9. pro = deputy: procounsul, pro-vice-chancellor; added to: nouns of latin origin. 
6.10. vice = deputy: vice president; added to: latin words. 
7. Prefixes of Time and Order 
7.1. ante = before: antenatal, antedate; added to: adjectives. 
7.2. ex = former: ex-wife, ex-president; human nouns. 
7.3. fore = before: to foresee, to foretell, foregone; added to: verbs, participles, nouns. 
7.4. mid = middle: mid-afternoon, midwinter, midnight; added to: nouns denoting points or periods of time. 
7.5. neo = new, recent form of, revived: neo-colonialism, neo-conservative, neo-fascist; added to: abstract nouns, adjectives. 
7.6. post = after: post-war, post-modernism, post-structuralist; added to: nouns denoting time, abstract nouns, adjectives denoting periods of time. 
7.7. pre = before, pre-arranged before the time/period of: prepay, pre-existing, predate, preview, preschool, pre-war, pre-marital; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
7.8. re = again, back: reprint, reapply, renew, re-evaluate, resettlement; added to: verbs, abstract nouns. 
8. Prefixes of Number 
Numeral prefixes the amount, quantity, or scope. 
8.1. mono = single, one: monotheism, monorail, monoplane, monotonous; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
8.2. uni = one: unidirectional, unidimensional, unilateral; added to: adjectives, nouns.
8.3. poly = many: polysyllabic, polytheism, polygraph; added to: adjectives, nouns. 
8.4. multi = many: multi-faith, multinational, multimillionaire, multi-racial; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
8.5. semi = half, partly: semicircle, semi-automatic, semi-conscious, semiofficial; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
8.6. demi = half, partly: demisemiquaver, demigod; added to:nouns in most cases. 
8.7. hemi = half: hemisphere, hemistich; added to: nouns. 
8.8. bi = two, double: bifocal, bilingual, bilateral; added to: adjectives. 
8.9. di = two, double: dipole, dioxide; added to: nouns. 
8.10. duo, du = two, double: duologue, duplex; added to: nouns. 
8.11. tri = three, triple: tripartite, triangle, triennial; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
9. Class-changing and converting Prefixes 
The prefixes a-, be-, en- and em- have the primary effect to change the class (or type) of words, or, to convert. 
9.1. a = added to verbs in order to form predicative adjectives (no synonymical explaination possible): afloat (A ships that's floating is afloat), aloft (An aircraft airborne is aloft). 
9.2. be = added to nouns in order to form transitive verbs: to besiege (To surround to force into surrender), to beguile (To charm), to bewitch (To put a magic spell on); 
= added to adjectives in order to form transitive verbs: to becalm (To calm or to make calm), to belittle (To make something or somebody seem unimportant or of lesser value), to befoul (To make foul or dirty; to contaminate); 
= added to verbs in order to form transitive verbs, and, at the same time, as an intensifying force for verbs: to becry (To bitterly cry about), to besmear (To make dirty), to bewail (To mourn, or express sorrow over), to bespatter (To cover with spots of dirt), to bespeak (To give evidence of); 
 = added to nouns in order to form participial adjectives: bespectacled (Wearing spectacles), beribboned (Wearing ribbons), bewigged (Wearing a wig), besotted (Hopelessly in love with sb., but only in reference to men [women are infatuated]). 
9.3. en as well as em- (before b,p), to form verbs from nouns and adjectives; added to nouns in order to form intransitive verbs meaning "put oneself onto or into": to enlist (to enter or cause to enter armed forces; to obtainhelp, support etc.), to enroll (to become or make so. a member of st.), to embark (to board a ship or plane); = added to nouns in order to form transitive verbs meaning "put in": to encode (To translate into coded language), to endanger (To put into danger), to ensnare (To catch in trap); = added to nouns in order to form transitive verbs meaning "make into": to enslave (To make a slave out of), to ennoble (To make a noble out of); = added to adjectives in order to form transitive verbs meaning "make": to enlarge (to increase size), to enrich (to make richer), to ensure (to make sure), to embitter (to cause bitterness for). 
10. Other Prefixes 
10.1. auto = self: autobiography, autopilot, auto-suggestion, autograph, automobile; added to: nouns. 
10.2. bio = abbreviation of biology an biological: biodegradable, biofeedback, biodiversity; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
10.3. eco = abbreviation of ecology and ecological: ecosystem, eco-tourism; added to: nouns. 
10.4. euro = also Euro = abbreviation of Europe and European: Eurocurrencies, Eurosceptic, Europhile; added to: nouns, adjectives. 
10.5. para = ancillary: paramilitary, paramedic, paralegal; added to: nouns, adjectives; = beyond the scope of: paranormal, parapsychology; added to: adjectives, nouns. 
10.6. self = self: self-motivating, self-inflicted, self-denial, self-satisfaction; added to: particles, nouns. 
10.7. pan = all, worldwide: pan-African, pan-Slavism; added to: adjectives and nouns denoting origin or nationality. 
10.8. proto = first, original: prototype; added to: nouns. 
C . Suffixes 
1. Verb Suffixes 
1.1. -ify = to make, to cause: to simplify, to beautify, to classify, to personify, to countrify, to ladify, to prettify, to Frenchify; added to: nouns (i.e. beauty) and adjectives (i.e. pretty) in order to form (mainly) transitive verbs. 
1.2. -ize = also -ise = to make, to treat in the way of: to scandalize, to civilize, to organize, to Americanize, to familiarize, to legalize, to nationalize, to materialize, to popularize, to privatize; added to: adjectives and nouns of romanic origin, but also proper names in order to form mainly transitive verbs. 
1.3. -en = to make, to make become: to strengthen, to blacken, to darken, to deepen, to harden, to shorten, to widen, to deafen, to sadden; added to: nouns and adjectives in order to form transitive verbs meaning: "to make something into whatever the adjective or noun determines". 
1.4. -ate = to add or provide with: to chlorinate, to dehydrate, to urinate, to ventilate; added to: nouns in order to form both transitive and intransitive verbs meaning: "to add to something whatever is expressed by the original noun"; or, "to perform or carry out actions obviously meant by the original noun". 
2. Adjective Suffixes 
2.1. -able (also -ible on words of Latin or French origin) - words ending -able have to meaning "that can or deserves to be -ed" (in which "-ed" stands for any past participle); or, "that is able to do this"; or, “that can be done with it”: breakable, eatable, exchangeable, pitiable, readable, reliable, available, unthinkable, intelligible, responsible, audible; added to: chiefly verbs of action. 
2.2. -al (also -ial) - meaning "of the nature of", "belonging to": natural, occasional, educational, accidental, managerial, musical, criminal, editorial, provisional, continental; added to: nouns in order to form primarily non-comparable adjectives. 
2.3. -an (also -ian) - meaning "in the tradition of", "coming from", "of the nature of": African, Indian, Elizabethan, Victorian, republican; added to: chiefly proper names, geographical names, well-know personal names (Persons defining eras, ideas, or ideologies). 
24. -ed - having, having been provided with, or having b